Many conventional shampoos, lotions, cosmetics, and fragrances include chemicals that may irritate skin, disrupt hormones, or even pose long-term health risks. Below is a concise list of commonly flagged ingredients, exactly how they might appear on product labels, and why you might choose to avoid or limit them.
1. Parabens
Typical Names on Labels:
- Methylparaben
- Propylparaben
- Butylparaben
- Ethylparaben
Why They’re Used: Parabens act as preservatives, preventing bacteria and mold growth to prolong product shelf life.
Potential Harm:
- Hormone Disruption: Certain parabens may mimic estrogen in the body.
- Skin Irritation: Some people experience redness or itching.
Found In: Lotions, creams, makeup, hair care products, and more.
2. SLS and SLES
Typical Names on Labels:
- Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS)
- Sodium Laureth Sulfate (SLES)
Why They’re Used: They produce a rich lather or foam in soaps, shampoos, body washes, and even toothpaste.
Potential Harm:
- Skin and Eye Irritation: Can strip natural oils from skin and scalp, causing dryness or itchiness.
- Contamination Concern (SLES): May contain 1,4-dioxane, a suspected carcinogen formed as a manufacturing byproduct.
- SLS has been demonstrated in scientific tests to have negative effects when used in high concentrations and incubated for a long period.
Found In: Many mainstream cleansing and foaming products.
3. Phthalates
Typical Names on Labels:
- Dibutyl Phthalate (DBP)
- Diethyl Phthalate (DEP)
- Diethylhexyl Phthalate (DEHP)
- Often hidden under “Fragrance” or “Parfum”
Why They’re Used: Provide flexibility in plastics and help stabilize or prolong fragrances.
Potential Harm:
- Hormone Disruption: Certain phthalates have been linked to potential reproductive health effects.
- Allergic Reactions: Can trigger headaches or sinus issues in those sensitive to fragrance.
Found In: Perfumes, deodorants, hairsprays, plastic packaging, and items labeled simply as “fragrance.”
4. Triclosan and Triclocarban
Typical Names on Labels:
- Triclosan
- Triclocarban
Why They’re Used: Antibacterial and antifungal agents once common in hand soaps, body washes, and toothpaste.
Potential Harm:
- Endocrine Disruption: Triclosan may interfere with thyroid function and other hormones.
- Antibiotic Resistance: Overuse can contribute to the emergence of resistant bacteria.
- Environmental Damage: Can accumulate in waterways, harming aquatic life.
Found In: Some antibacterial products (soaps, toothpaste) and deodorants—though many manufacturers have started phasing these out.
5. Formaldehyde and Formaldehyde-Releasing Preservatives
Typical Names on Labels:
- Formaldehyde
- DMDM Hydantoin
- Quaternium-15
- Diazolidinyl Urea
- Imidazolidinyl Urea
Why They’re Used: As potent antimicrobials, they help extend shelf life in hair treatments, nail polishes, and some cosmetics.
Potential Harm:
- Carcinogenic Risk: Formaldehyde is classified as a known carcinogen.
- Allergies and Irritation: Can cause redness, skin rashes, and respiratory issues.
Found In: Certain nail polishes, hair-straightening products, and various personal care items.
6. Synthetic Fragrances
Typical Names on Labels:
- Fragrance
- Parfum
- Aroma
- Proprietary blends not fully disclosed to consumers.
Why They’re Used: Provide a distinct scent or mask unpleasant odors in formulas.
Potential Harm:
- Undisclosed Chemical Mix: May include phthalates, irritants, or allergens.
- Allergic Reactions: Can cause headaches, skin irritation, or sinus issues.
Found In: Perfumes, body sprays, lotions, hair care products, and countless other scented items.
7. PEGs (Polyethylene Glycols)
Typical Names on Labels:
- PEG- followed by a number (e.g., PEG-40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil)
- Propylene Glycol (similar category, though not identical)
Why They’re Used: Thicken or soften product textures, help other ingredients dissolve, and act as solvents.
Potential Harm:
- 1,4-Dioxane Contamination: A suspected carcinogen that can form during manufacturing.
- Irritation: Can dry or irritate skin, especially if broken or sensitive.
Found In: Creams, lotions, deodorants, shampoos, and makeup.
8. BHA and BHT
Typical Names on Labels:
- Butylated Hydroxyanisole (BHA)
- Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT)
Why They’re Used: Synthetic antioxidants that preserve product freshness by preventing oxidation.
Potential Harm:
- Hormone Disruption & Cancer Concerns: Animal studies link BHA to tumor growth; both chemicals may affect hormonal systems.
- Allergic Reactions: Can irritate skin or cause contact dermatitis in sensitive individuals.
Found In: Some lipsticks, moisturizers, and processed food items.
9. Toluene
Typical Names on Labels:
- Toluene
- Occasionally part of “Solvent” mixes in nail products.
Why It’s Used: Helps nail polish apply smoothly and evenly.
Potential Harm:
- Neurological Effects: Inhalation can lead to headaches, dizziness, or longer-term nervous system concerns.
- Reproductive Harm: Prolonged exposure may affect fetal development in pregnant individuals.
Found In: Some nail polishes and nail treatments, often referred to as part of the “toxic trio” (alongside formaldehyde and dibutyl phthalate).
How These Ingredients May Harm Us
- Hormone Disruption:
Several of these chemicals (like parabens and phthalates) can mimic or interfere with natural hormones, potentially impacting reproductive health, metabolism, and more. - Skin & Respiratory Irritation:
SLS/SLES, synthetic fragrances, and formaldehyde-releasing agents can trigger rashes, dryness, or breathing difficulties—especially in people with sensitivities. - Carcinogenic Concerns:
Substances such as formaldehyde, 1,4-dioxane, and BHA have been linked to cancer risks in animal studies or identified by agencies as probable or known carcinogens. - Environmental Damage:
Triclosan, phthalates, and other persistent chemicals may contaminate waterways and harm aquatic ecosystems.
Practical Steps to Reduce Exposure
- Check Labels Thoroughly:
Look for keywords such as “paraben-free,” “phthalate-free,” “sulfate-free,” or “fragrance-free.” - Look for Reputable Certifications:
Seals like USDA Organic, COSMOS, Ecocert, or Leaping Bunny (cruelty-free) indicate higher standards. - Seek Simpler Formulations:
Products with short, transparent ingredient lists often have fewer synthetic additives. - Choose “Fragrance-Free” Over “Unscented”:
“Unscented” can still contain masking fragrances, whereas “fragrance-free” typically means no scent chemicals added. - DIY Alternatives:
Crafting your own skincare or haircare (e.g., scrubs, masks) allows complete control over what you’re putting on your body. - Transition Slowly:
Swap out items you use daily (like shampoo or moisturizer) first, then gradually replace other products.
Not everyone will experience immediate issues from these chemicals, but the collective concerns—ranging from hormone disruption to possible carcinogenic effects—motivate many consumers to opt for cleaner, safer alternatives. By learning to identify specific names on labels and focusing on products with more natural or well-researched components, you can make more informed decisions that support both your health and the environment.
Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes and does not replace professional medical advice. If you have specific concerns or conditions, consult a healthcare provider or dermatologist.
